Class: Aves
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Clade: Carinatae
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Subclass: Neornithes
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The Palaeognathae or paleognaths
are one of the two living clades of birds. The other living
is
Neognathae. Together
these two clades form the clade Neornithes.
This clade contains four extant
branches of flightless ratites and one of flying tinamous.
The Genus Tinamous are forty-seven living species, the
kiwis five species, Apteryx, the cassowaries,
Casuarius three, the emus, Dromaius is one living
and one recently extinct, the rheas are two
species and the ostriches have only one living species.
The word Paleognath is derived from the ancient Greek for "old
jaws" in reference to the skeletal
anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive
and reptilian than that in other birds.
Paleognathous birds are uncontroversially the most primitive,
or basal, living birds, though there is
some controversy about the precise relationship between them
and the other birds. |
The
flightless and mostly giant Struthioniformes lack a keeled sternum
and are
collectively known as ratites. Together with the Tinamiformes,
they form the
Paleognathae or "old jaws", one of the two 'superorders'.
Superorders:
Struthioniformes - Africa and Australasia; 2 species.
Family: Struthionidae: Ostrich
Genus Struthio (1)
Ostrich,
Struthio camelus No: Struts
Rheiformes - South America; 2 species.
Family Rheidae: rheas
Genus Rhea (2 species, includes Pterocnemia)
Common rhea, Rhea
americana, No: Stornandu
Darwin's
rhea, Rhea
pennata, No: Fjellnandu
Tinamiformes - South America; 45 species.
Family Tinamidae, Tinamous
Subfamily Tinaminae -the
dense forest tinamous
see below
Subfamily Nothurinae (former Rhynchotinae?)
Genus Eudromia - crested tinamous
Elegant Crested Tinamou, Eudromia elegans
Quebracho Crested Tinamou, Eudromia formosa
Genus Rhynchotus
Red-winged Tinamou, Rhynchotus rufescens
Huayco Tinamou, Rhynchotus maculicollis
Genus Nothoprocta
Taczanowski's Tinamou, Nothoprocta taczanowskii
Ornate Tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata
Chilean Tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria
Brushland Tinamou, Nothoprocta cinerascens
Andean Tinamou, Nothoprocta pentlandii
Curve-billed Tinamou, Nothoprocta curvirostris
Genus Nothura - nothuras
White-bellied Nothura, Nothura boraquira
Lesser Nothura, Nothura minor
Darwin's Nothura, Nothura darwinii
Spotted Nothura, Nothura maculosa
Chaco Nothura, Nothura chacoensis
Genus
Taoniscus (former Subfamily
Tinaminae)
Dwarf Tinamou, Taoniscus nanus, also known as Least
Tinamou
Genus Tinamotis (former
Subfamily Tinaminae)
Puna Tinamou, Tinamotis pentlandii, also known as Pentlands
Tinamou
Patagonian Tinamou, Tinamotis ingoufi', also known as
Ingoufs Tinamou
Casuariiformes
- Australasia; 4 species.
Family Casuariidae - cassowaries
Genus Casuarius
Dwarf cassowary, Casuarius bennetti,
No: dvergkasuar
Southern cassowary, Casuarius
casuarius, No: toflik- eller
hjelmkasuar
Northern
cassowary, Casuarius unappendiculatus,
No: enflikkasuar
Family Dromaiidae
Genus Dromaius - emus (1 living species, 2 recently extinct)
Emu,
Dromaius novaehollandiae, No: Emu
Apterygiformes
- Australasia; 5 species. Apterygidae: kiwis
Family Apterygidae
Genus Apteryx (about 6 living species,
possibly 1 recently extinct)
Apteryx australis, No:
Brunkivi
Apteryx
australis australis, No:
Haast brunkivi
Apteryx australis lawryi,
No: Stewart island brunkivi
Apteryx haastii, No: Flekkivi
Apteryx mantelli
Apteryx owenii, No: Dvergkivi
Apteryx rowi
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Subfamily
Tinaminae
Subfamily
Tinaminae
-the dense forest tinamous
Genus Crypturellus see table and
photo below
Genus Tinamus
White-throated Tinamou, Tinamus guttatus
Grey Tinamou, Tinamus tao
Solitary Tinamou, Tinamus solitarius
Black Tinamou, Tinamus osgoodi
Great Tinamou, Tinamus major
Genus Nothocercus
Highland Tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei
Tawny-breasted Tinamou, Nothocercus julius
Hooded Tinamou, Nothocercus nigrocapillus |
The tinamous are a family comprising
47 species of birds found in Central and South America.
One of the most ancient living groups of bird, they are related
to the ratites. Generally ground
dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.
The family Tinamidae consists of about 47 species
in 9 genera. They range in size from the
Dwarf Tinamou at 15 cm and 42 grams to the Gray Tinamou at 48
cm and 1.6 kg. Although they
look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse,
the characters they share are the
result of their being another kind of birds.. (Our omment)
Tinamids have no closer living relatives
than the flightless ratites, and thus are placed in their own
order, Tinamiformes.
Tinamous are divided into two subfamilies, Nothurinae,
the aridland tinamous, and Tinaminae, forest tinamous.
Tinamous are slender and compact birds with a small head and
a short, slender bill that is
downward curving. They have very small wings, but unlike other
ratites, they can fly, albeit poorly.
They have three forward-facing toes and fourth hind toe is higher
and either retrogressed or absent.
Their tail is short and sometimes hidden behind coverts and
some tinamous have crests.
Unlike otherratites, they have a preen gland. Plumage does not
usually differ between sexes,
but in a few species females are brighter.
All 47 species of tinamous live South and Central America. The
northernmost species range to
Mexico but not much further than the Tropic of Cancer. One species
has been introduced to Easter Island. They occur in a wide range
of habitats. Members of the genera Tinamus, Nothocercus,
and Cryptuerellus live in dense forests, and members
most of other genera live on grassland,
puna, montane forest, and savanna at high altitude.
Tinamous prefer to walk or run but will fly to avoid predation
and other danger. When they have
exhausted all other evasion techniques, including hiding in
burrows, they may fly. Their technique
is a flutter of wing-beats followed by a long glide, followed
by another burst of wing-beats.
Tinamous are rarely seen but often heard within their range.
Although some species are quite common, they are shy and secretive.
A small number of species live in more open, grassy country,
but even these are wary of humans.
Tinamous have a wide variety
of calls.
Tinamous lay several eggs in a ground nest lined with grass
and leaves, and the male will incubate
the eggs. He will leave the nest to feed, and he may be gone
from 45 minutes to 5 hours.
Typically, the male will not cover the eggs when he leaves to
feed, even though the eggs are not
camouflaged. In most tinamou species, the male is polygamous
and the female is polyandrous.
The eggs are attractively coloured, in a single colour and have
a hard gloss like porcelain.
The young are precocial, and can run almost as soon as they
hatch. Scientists believe that they
are self-sufficient within 20 days.
Tinamous mainly eat small fruits and seeds off the ground or
off of plants that are near the ground.
They can jump 10 cm to reach their food. They also will eat
buds, blossoms, tender leaves and
roots, insects and their larvae, worms, and mollusks. Small
animals are eaten whole, whereas larger
ones will be beaten against the ground or pecked. They use their
bill and not their feet to sift
through leaf litter and will even use it to sift through soil
23 cm deep.
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Genus
Crypturellus
Engelsk |
Norsk |
Latinsk |
Black-capped
Tinamou |
Svarthettetinamu |
Crypturellus
atrocapillus |
Bartlett's Tinamou |
Skogtinamu |
Crypturellus
bartletti |
Berlepsch's
Tinamou |
Sottinamu |
Crypturellus
berlepschi |
Slaty-breasted
Tinamou |
Gråbrysttinamu |
Crypturellus
boucardi |
Rusty Tinamou |
Jungeltinamu |
Crypturellus
brevirostris |
Barred Tinamou |
Stripetinamu |
Crypturellus
casiquiare |
Cinereous Tinamou
photo |
Gråtinamu |
Crypturellus
cinereus |
Thicket Tinamou |
Krattinamu |
Crypturellus
cinnamomeus |
Gray-legged
Tinamou photo |
Gråbeintinamu |
Crypturellus
duidae |
Red-legged Tinamou |
Rødbeintinamu |
Crypturellus
erythropus |
Choco Tinamou |
Chocotinamu |
Crypturellus
kerriae |
Yellow-legged
Tinamou photo |
Gulbeintinamu |
Crypturellus
noctivagus |
Brown Tinamou
photo |
Bruntinamu |
Crypturellus
obsoletus |
Small-billed
Tinamou |
Kortnebbtinamu |
Crypturellus
parvirostris |
Tepui Tinamou |
Tepuitinamu |
Crypturellus
ptaritepui |
Little Tinamou
photo |
Småtinamu |
Crypturellus
soui |
Brazilian Tinamou
photo |
Brasiltinamu |
Crypturellus
strigulosus |
Tataupa Tinamou
photo |
Tataupatinamu |
Crypturellus
tataupa |
Pale-browed
Tinamou |
Hvitbryntinamu |
Crypturellus
transfasciatus |
Undulated Tinamou
photo |
Amazontinamu |
Crypturellus
undulatus |
Variegated Tinamou
photo |
Rusthalstinamu |
Crypturellus
variegatus |
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