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Palaeognathae




Great Tinamou, Tinamus major
Photo: Patrick Coin




Class: Aves
Clade: Carinatae
Subclass: Neornithes
Subgroup:    Palaeognathae
Stuthioniformes
Ostrich, Emus, Kiwis
Tinamiformes
Tinamous

The Palaeognathae or paleognaths are one of the two living clades of birds. The other living is
Neognathae. Together these two clades form the clade Neornithes. This clade contains four extant
branches of flightless ratites and one of flying tinamous.
The Genus Tinamous are forty-seven living species, the kiwis five species, Apteryx, the cassowaries,
Casuarius three, the emus, Dromaius is one living and one recently extinct, the rheas are two
species and the ostriches have only one living species.

The word Paleognath is derived from the ancient Greek for "old jaws" in reference to the skeletal
anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds.
Paleognathous birds are uncontroversially the most primitive, or basal, living birds, though there is
some controversy about the precise relationship between them and the other birds.



The flightless and mostly giant Struthioniformes lack a keeled sternum and are
collectively known as ratites. Together with the Tinamiformes, they form the
Paleognathae or "old jaws", one of the two 'superorders'.

Superorders:
Struthioniformes - Africa and Australasia; 2 species.
Family: Struthionidae: Ostrich
Genus Struthio (1)
Ostrich, Struthio camelus No: Struts

Rheiformes - South America; 2 species.
Family Rheidae: rheas
Genus Rhea (2 species, includes Pterocnemia)
Common rhea,
Rhea americana, No: Stornandu
Darwin's rhea,
Rhea pennata, No: Fjellnandu

Tinamiformes - South America; 45 species.
Family Tinamidae, Tinamous
Subfamily Tinaminae
-the dense forest tinamous
see below


Subfamily Nothurinae (former Rhynchotinae?)
Genus Eudromia - crested tinamous
Elegant Crested Tinamou, Eudromia elegans
Quebracho Crested Tinamou, Eudromia formosa
Genus Rhynchotus
Red-winged Tinamou, Rhynchotus rufescens
Huayco Tinamou, Rhynchotus maculicollis
Genus Nothoprocta
Taczanowski's Tinamou, Nothoprocta taczanowskii
Ornate Tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata
Chilean Tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria
Brushland Tinamou, Nothoprocta cinerascens
Andean Tinamou, Nothoprocta pentlandii
Curve-billed Tinamou, Nothoprocta curvirostris
Genus Nothura - nothuras

White-bellied Nothura, Nothura boraquira
Lesser Nothura, Nothura minor
Darwin's Nothura, Nothura darwinii
Spotted Nothura, Nothura maculosa
Chaco Nothura, Nothura chacoensis
Genus Taoniscus (former Subfamily Tinaminae)
Dwarf Tinamou, Taoniscus nanus, also known as Least Tinamou
Genus Tinamotis
(former Subfamily Tinaminae)
Puna Tinamou, Tinamotis pentlandii, also known as Pentland’s Tinamou
Patagonian Tinamou, Tinamotis ingoufi', also known as Ingouf’s Tinamou

Casuariiformes - Australasia; 4 species.
Family Casuariidae - cassowaries
Genus Casuarius
Dwarf cassowary
, Casuarius bennetti, No: dvergkasuar
Southern cassowary
, Casuarius casuarius, No: toflik- eller hjelmkasuar

Northern cassowary, Casuarius unappendiculatus, No: enflikkasuar

Family Dromaiidae
Genus Dromaius - emus (1 living species, 2 recently extinct)

Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae, No: Emu

Apterygiformes - Australasia; 5 species. Apterygidae: kiwis
Family Apterygidae
Genus Apteryx (about 6 living species, possibly 1 recently extinct)
Apteryx australis
, No: Brunkivi
     Apteryx australis australis, No: Haast brunkivi
     Apteryx australis lawryi
, No: Stewart island brunkivi
Apteryx haastii, No: Flekkivi
Apteryx mantelli
Apteryx owenii,
No: Dvergkivi

Apteryx rowi

Subfamily Tinaminae

Subfamily Tinaminae -the dense forest tinamous
Genus Crypturellus see table and photo below
Genus Tinamus
White-throated Tinamou, Tinamus guttatus
Grey Tinamou, Tinamus tao
Solitary Tinamou, Tinamus solitarius
Black Tinamou, Tinamus osgoodi
Great Tinamou, Tinamus major
Genus Nothocercus
Highland Tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei
Tawny-breasted Tinamou, Nothocercus julius
Hooded Tinamou, Nothocercus nigrocapillus

The tinamous are a family comprising 47 species of birds found in Central and South America.
One of the most ancient living groups of bird, they are related to the ratites. Generally ground
dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.

The family Tinamidae consists of about 47 species in 9 genera. They range in size from the
Dwarf Tinamou at 15 cm and 42 grams to the Gray Tinamou at 48 cm and 1.6 kg. Although they
look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, the characters they share are the
result of their being another kind of birds.
. (Our omment) Tinamids have no closer living relatives
than the flightless ratites, and thus are placed in their own order, Tinamiformes.

Tinamous are divided into two subfamilies, Nothurinae, the aridland tinamous, and Tinaminae, forest tinamous.

Tinamous are slender and compact birds with a small head and a short, slender bill that is
downward curving. They have very small wings, but unlike other ratites, they can fly, albeit poorly.
They have three forward-facing toes and fourth hind toe is higher and either retrogressed or absent.
Their tail is short and sometimes hidden behind coverts and some tinamous have crests.
Unlike otherratites, they have a preen gland. Plumage does not usually differ between sexes,
but in a few species females are brighter.

All 47 species of tinamous live South and Central America. The northernmost species range to
Mexico but not much further than the Tropic of Cancer. One species has been introduced to Easter Island. They occur in a wide range of habitats. Members of the genera Tinamus, Nothocercus,
and Cryptuerellus live in dense forests, and members most of other genera live on grassland,
puna, montane forest, and savanna at high altitude.

Tinamous prefer to walk or run but will fly to avoid predation and other danger. When they have
exhausted all other evasion techniques, including hiding in burrows, they may fly. Their technique
is a flutter of wing-beats followed by a long glide, followed by another burst of wing-beats.

Tinamous are rarely seen but often heard within their range. Although some species are quite common, they are shy and secretive.
A small number of species live in more open, grassy country, but even these are wary of humans.
Tinamous have a wide variety
of calls.

Tinamous lay several eggs in a ground nest lined with grass and leaves, and the male will incubate
the eggs. He will leave the nest to feed, and he may be gone from 45 minutes to 5 hours.
Typically, the male will not cover the eggs when he leaves to feed, even though the eggs are not
camouflaged. In most tinamou species, the male is polygamous and the female is polyandrous.
The eggs are attractively coloured, in a single colour and have a hard gloss like porcelain.
The young are precocial, and can run almost as soon as they hatch. Scientists believe that they
are self-sufficient within 20 days.

Tinamous mainly eat small fruits and seeds off the ground or off of plants that are near the ground.
They can jump 10 cm to reach their food. They also will eat buds, blossoms, tender leaves and
roots, insects and their larvae, worms, and mollusks. Small animals are eaten whole, whereas larger
ones will be beaten against the ground or pecked. They use their bill and not their feet to sift
through leaf litter and will even use it to sift through soil 2–3 cm deep.


Genus Crypturellus
Engelsk Norsk Latinsk
Black-capped Tinamou Svarthettetinamu Crypturellus atrocapillus
Bartlett's Tinamou Skogtinamu Crypturellus bartletti
Berlepsch's Tinamou Sottinamu Crypturellus berlepschi
Slaty-breasted Tinamou Gråbrysttinamu Crypturellus boucardi
Rusty Tinamou Jungeltinamu Crypturellus brevirostris
Barred Tinamou Stripetinamu Crypturellus casiquiare
Cinereous Tinamou photo Gråtinamu Crypturellus cinereus
Thicket Tinamou Krattinamu Crypturellus cinnamomeus
Gray-legged Tinamou photo Gråbeintinamu Crypturellus duidae
Red-legged Tinamou Rødbeintinamu Crypturellus erythropus
Choco Tinamou Chocotinamu Crypturellus kerriae
Yellow-legged Tinamou photo Gulbeintinamu Crypturellus noctivagus
Brown Tinamou photo Bruntinamu Crypturellus obsoletus
Small-billed Tinamou Kortnebbtinamu Crypturellus parvirostris
Tepui Tinamou Tepuitinamu Crypturellus ptaritepui
Little Tinamou photo Småtinamu Crypturellus soui
Brazilian Tinamou photo Brasiltinamu Crypturellus strigulosus
Tataupa Tinamou photo Tataupatinamu Crypturellus tataupa
Pale-browed Tinamou Hvitbryntinamu Crypturellus transfasciatus
Undulated Tinamou photo Amazontinamu Crypturellus undulatus
Variegated Tinamou photo Rusthalstinamu Crypturellus variegatus




Little Tinamou, Crypturellus soui
Photo: Mark Andrews

Cinereous Tinamou, Crypturellus cinereus
Photo: Raul Travassos

Brown Tinamou, Crypturellus obsoletus
Photo: Marcos Massarioli

Undulated Tinamou, Crypturellus undulatus
Photo: Marcos Massarioli

Brazilian Tinamou, Crypturellus strigulosus
Photo: Marcos Massarioli

Grey-legged Tinamou, Crypturellus duidae
Photo: José Alvarez Alonso

Yellow-legged Tinamou, Crypturellus noctivagus
Photo: Luciana Costa

Variegated Tinamou, Crypturellus variegatus
Photo: Marcos Massarioli

Tataupa Tinamou, Crypturellus tataupa
Photo: Dario Sanches


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ANIMALS

over 250

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BIRDS

over 500

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FLOWERS

over 225
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