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Some researches give the length of each generation - that is time from
father to first son - to 30-32 years.
This is most common for births in common era. However, at older times,
before AD, this does not allways be correct, as shown.
Various sources set the time of the deluge to about 1875
BC, based on 24 generations from Noah to David, David born 1107 + 24
generations x 32 years = Noah at 1875 BC, some sources even earlier.
However, following shows this is not allways a good way to do it. Others
count from 1.000 BC back to apprx. 1750 BC
"The earliest written flood myth is found in the
Mesopotamian Epic of Atrahasis and Epic of Gilgamesh texts. Many scholars
believe that Noah and the Biblical Flood story are derived from the
Mesopotamian version, predominantly because Biblical mythology that
is today found in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Mandeanism shares
overlapping consistency with far older written ancient Mesopotamian
story of The Great Flood, and that the early Hebrews were known to have
lived in Mesopotamia.
Gilgamesh’s historical reign is believed to have been approximately
2700 BCE,] shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery
of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other
kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence
of Gilgamesh."
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah
Well illustrating why secular histories do not qualify as the standard
of accuracy by which to judge Bible chronology is this statement by
archaeological writer C. W. Ceram, commenting on the modern science
of historical dating: “Anyone approaching the study of ancient
history for the first time must be impressed by the positive way modern
historians date events which took place thousands of years ago. In the
course of further study this wonder will, if anything, increase.
For as we examine the sources of ancient history we see how scanty,
inaccurate, or downright false, the records were even at the time they
were first written.
And poor as they originally were, they are poorer still as they have
come down to us: half destroyed by the tooth of time or by the carelessness
and rough usage of
men.” He further describes the framework of chronological history
as “a purely hypothetical structure, and one which threatens to
come apart at every joint.”—
The Secret of the Hittites, 1956, pp. 133, 134.
At least as far back as the reign of Egypt took a strong interest in
the ancient Near East. At times they occupied portions of the region,
a favor returned in later
days by the Assyrians. Some key synchronisms:
Peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt (in his 21st year
of reign) and of the Hittites. Recorded by both Egyptian and Hittite
records.
From the creation of Adam
(Genesis 5:1-29; 7:6)
to Set, Adam's son 130
to Enosh's Set's son 105
to Kenan, Enosh's son 90
to Mahalalel, Kenan's son 70
to Jared, Mahalalel's son 65
to Enoch, Jared's son 162
to Methuselah, Enoch's son 65
to Lamech, Methuselah's son 187
to Noah 182
to the Flood 600
Total 1,656 years
From the beginning of the Flood
(Genesis 11:10 to 12:4)
to Arpachshad 2
to Shelah, Arphachshad's son 35
to Eber, Shelah's son 30
to Peleg, Eber's son 34
to Reu, Peleg's son 30
to Serug, Reu's son 32
to Nahor, Serug's son 30
to Terah, Nahor's son 29
To the death of Terah 205
(Abraham was then 75 years old)
Total 427 years
Exodus 12:40, 41, Galatians 3:16, 17.
From the covenant with Abraham,
given to him when he left Ur,
at the death of Terah, to Exodus
Total 430 years
From Exodus to the building
of the Temple of Salamo in
his 4th year of reign (1Ki 6:1) 480
the division of Israel
36 years later when
Salomo's reign ended 36
Total 516 years
According to Ezekiel 4:1-7
from division of Israel to the
destruction of Jerusalem 390
70 years of exile 70
Total 460 years
History acknowledge this
was in the year 537 BC
Up to year 1 BC 536 years
As no year 0, up to today 2013 years
Grand total 6037 years
Now going backwards:
To day is 2013 AD
commen era began 1 AD
End of exile 537 BC
Building of the Temple 996 BC
Exodus from Egypt 1513 BC
Abraham left Ur 1943 BC
Flood (deluge) 2370 BC
Creation of Adam 4026 BC
The period to the Flood is derived using the
genealogical table of the ten patriarchs listed in Genesis 5, and 7:6,
termed the generations of Adam. According to the Masoretic Text, this
period consists of 1656 years, and this dating is also followed by Western
Christian Bibles derived from the Latin Vulgate. According to the Samaritan
texts the period is 1307 years, and according to the Septuagint (Codex
Alexandrinus, Elizabeth Bible) it is 2262 years.[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_chronology
see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis
http://www.2001translation.com/Septuagint.htm#_7
http://www.2001translation.com/Genesis.htm
Ancient Mesopotamia - Background Information
The civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia has been inhabited since the
dawn of man. The word Mesopotamia comes from Greek origin, meaning the
land between two rivers -- the Tigris and the Euphrates. Both the Tigris
and the Euphrates start in the mountainous regions of Turkey and flow
into the Persian Gulf.
Ancient Mesopotamia- Contributions to Civilizations
The people from Ancient Mesopotamia have contributed much to modern
civilization. The first forms of writing came from them in the form
of pictographs around 3100 BC. Later that was changed into a form of
writing called cuneiform. They also invented the wheel, the plow, and
the sailboat. The ancient Mesopotamians were the first people to build
and live in cities. They developed the twelve-month calendar and a code
of law, which was copied by many civilizations.
In about 3500 BC, an ancient Semitic group of people, called
the Sumerians inhabited this land. The Sumerians, or Semites, were descendents
of Shem, a son of Noah. After the Sumerian civilization fell, they were
followed by the Assyrians, and later by the Babylonians.
By 3000 BC, the first city-state, Uruk, was built with Gilgamesh
as its ruler. Soon there were other city-states. Those were Ur,
Lagash, Eridu and Kish. Ur was the largest city. Each city-state was
ruled by a king and the kings were often at war with one another. (Note
that Gilgamesh here is listed after the descenddnts of Shem,
so that the story about the flood already were history - see the quote
below).
quote: The Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, composed about 2500 BC, contains
a flood story almost exactly the same as the Noah story in the Pentateuch,
with a few variations such as the number of days of the deluge, the
order of the birds, and the name of the mountain on which the ark rests.
Andrew R. George submits that the flood story in Genesis 6–8 matches
the Gilgamesh flood myth so closely, "few doubt" that it derives
from a Mesopotamian account. What is particularly noticeable is the
way the Genesis flood story follows the Gilgamesh flood tale "point
by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other
alternatives.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah - unquote
quote: It is noteworthy that these events later found expression in
the legends of ancient civilizations. For example, a 4,000-year-old
Babylonian epic describes the superhuman exploits of Gilgamesh,(WTL)
unqote
quote: Nimrod has been identified with Merodach, the god of Babylon
. . . He has been identified with Gilgamesh, the hero of the
epic which contains the Babylonian Deluge story . . . with
various historical kings of Babylonia, . . .
source: The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 19, edition of 1911, page
703. unqote
quote: Gilgamesh (pron.: Akkadian cuneiform: Gilgameš, often given
the epithet of the King, also known as Bilgames in the earliest Sumerian
texts) was the fifth king of Uruk, modern day Iraq (Early Dynastic II,
first dynasty of Uruk), placing his reign ca. 2500 BC.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh unqote
quote: This first, "Old Babylonian" version of the epic dates
to the 18th century BC and is titled Shutur eli sharri ("Surpassing
All Other Kings"). Only a few fragments of it survived.
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh unqote
quote: The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on
Earth. It comes to us from Ancient Sumeria, and was originally written
on 12 clay tablets in cunieform script. It is about the adventures of
the historical King of Uruk (somewhere between 2750 and 2500 BCE).
source: http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/
unqote
quote The tale revolves around a legendary hero named Gilgamesh (Bilgames
in Sumerian), who was said to be the king of the Sumerian city of Uruk.
His father is identified as Lugalbanda, king of Uruk, and his mother
is the wise cow goddess Ninsun. No contemporary information is known
about Gilgamesh, who, if he was in fact an historical person, would
have lived around 2700 B.C. Nor is there any preserved early third-millennium
version of the poem. During the twenty-first century B.C., Shulgi, ruler
of the Sumerian city of Ur, was a patron of the literary arts. He sponsored
a revival of older literature and established academies of scholars
at his capital Ur and at the holy city of Nippur. Shulgi claimed Lugalbanda
as his father and Gilgamesh as his brother. source: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gilg/hd_gilg.htm
unquote
The Gilgamesh story is according to above quotes, dated between 4000
BC and 1800 BC. As stated in the last quotation from 'netmuseum.org'
the writer lived about 2.100 BC, about 250 years after the flood, and
may well have used the wellknown story about Noah and his sons.
In 2600 BC, King Sargon I of Ur built the first Ziggurat. Ziggurats
were tall temples so people could get closer to god. The term Ziggurat
means “platform between heaven and earth.” Each city-state
had its own deity and priests to tend to it. The Tower of Babel was
a ziggurat.
King Sargon I of Akkad ruled in Ur from 2334 to 2279 BC. He was said
to have been found floating in a river, in a basket like Moses was.
(Check this info) He was known as the first Empire Builder. Through
his military prowess, he combined the kingdoms of Sumer with the kingdom
of Akkad. He was a builder of Ziggurats.
Quote:
Sargon I or Sharru-ken reigned as king of the old-Assyrian Kingdom from
ca. 1920 BC to 1881 BC. The name 'Sargon' means 'the king is legitimate'
in Akkadian. [1] He is known for his work refortifying Assur. [2] The
name "Sargon I" has also been used to refer to Sargon of Akkad,
and the Assyrian Sargon may have been named after him.[3] Very little
is known about this king.[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_I
unqote
quote
The Sumerian king list relates: "In Agade [Akkad], Sargon, whose
father was a gardener, the cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the
king of Agade, who built Agade; he ruled for 56 years." There are
several problems with this entry in the king list. Thorkild Jacobsen
marked the clause about Sargon's father being a gardener as a lacuna,
indicating his uncertainty about its meaning.[10] Furthermore, confusingly,
Ur-Zababa and Lugal-zage-si are both listed as kings, but several generations
apart.[citation needed] The claim that Sargon was the original founder
of Akkad has come into question in recent years, with the discovery
of an inscription mentioning the place and dated to the first year of
Enshakushanna, who almost certainly preceded him.[11] This claim of
the king list had been the basis for earlier speculation by a number
of scholars that Sargon was an inspiration for the biblical figure of
Nimrod.[12] The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states that it was Sargon
who built Babylon "in front of Akkad."[13][14] The Chronicle
of Early Kings (ABC 20:18-19) likewise states that late in his reign,
Sargon "dug up the soil of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart
of Babylon next to Agade."[14][15] Van de Mieroop suggested that
those two chronicles may in fact refer to the much later Assyrian king,
Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, rather than to Sargon of Akkad.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad unqote
Abraham was a city dweller from the city of Ur. In about 2090 BC, (1943
BC) God called Abraham out of that city, to separate him from that evil
influence, and to make of him a great nation. Abraham became a wanderer
and a nomad in the land of Canaan. He is the father of the Jews. Jesus
was born from the lineage of Abraham.
King Hammurabi reigned between 1795 BC and 1750 BC. He was the first
king of the Babylonian empire. His capital city was Babylon. He is best
known for the Code of Hammurabi, a set of laws, which governed every
aspect of civil life.source: http://www.allabouthistory.org/ancient-mesopotamia.htm
Map of Eurasia
showing the trade network of the Radhanites, c. 870 CE,
as reported in the account of ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads
and Kingdoms
Map of Eurasia and North Africa, c. 870 CE. Trade routes of the
Radhanite Jewish merchants are shown in blue.
Other major trade routes shown in purple.
Cities with sizable Jewish communities are shown in brown. Some
routes are conjectural.)
(author, I, Max Naylor)
GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radhanites2.png
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The Khazars occupied a prime trade nexus. Goods from western Europe
travelled east to Central Asia and China and vice versa, and the Muslim
world
could only interact with northern Europe via Khazar intermediaries.
The Radhanites, a guild of medieval Jewish merchants, had a trade route
that ran
through Khazaria, and may have been instrumental in the Khazars' conversion
to Judaism.
No Khazar paid taxes to the central government. Revenue came from a
10% levy on goods transiting through the region, and from tribute paid
by subject nations.
The Khazars exported honey, furs, wool, millet and other cereals, fish,
and slaves. D.M. Dunlop and Artamanov asserted that the Khazars produced
no
material goods themselves, living solely on trade. This theory has been
refuted by discoveries over the last half century, which include pottery
and glass factories.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars
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