Order: Passeriformes
Suborder: Passeri
Family: Paradisaeidae
Bird-of-paradise, the family of birds, Paradisaeidae of the
order Passeriformes
The genera of this family that have "Bird-of-paradise" in
the common name:
The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae
of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species in this
family are found on the island of New Guinea and its satellites,
with a few species occurring in the Moluccas and eastern Australia.
The family has forty species in 14 genera. The
members of this family are perhaps best known for the plumage
of the males of most species, in particular highly elongated
and elaborate feathers extending from the beak, wings or head.
For the most part they are confined to dense rainforest habitat.
The diet of all species is dominated by fruit and to a lesser
extent arthropods.
The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging
from monogamy to lek-based polygamy.
The family is of cultural importance to the inhabitants of New
Guinea. The trade in skins and feathers of the
birds-of-paradise has been going on for two thousand years;
and, the birds have been of considerable interest to Western
collectors, ornithologists and writers as well. A number of
species are threatened by hunting and habitat loss.
Birds of paradise are generally crow-like in general body-form,
and, indeed, are the brother group to the corvids
(crows and jays). Birds-of-paradise range in size from the King
Bird-of-paradise at 50 g and 15 cm to the
Curl-crested Manucode at 44 cm and 430 g . The male Black Sicklebill,
with its long tail, is the longest species at
110 cm . In most of the males are larger and longer than the
female, the differences ranging from slight to extreme.
The wings are rounded and in some species structurally modified
on the males in order to make sound. There is
considerable variation in the family with regard to bill shape.
Bills may be long and decurved, as in the sicklebills
and riflebirds, or small and slim like the Astrapias. As with
body size on average bill size varies with sex, although
species where the females have larger bills than the male are
more common, particularly in the insect eating species. For
reasons of camouflage plumage of the females typically blends
well with their habitat, unlike the bright attractive colors
found on the males.
Plumage variation between the sexes is closely related to breeding
system. The manucodes and Paradise-crow,
which are socially monogamous, are sexually monomorphic. So
are the two species of Paradigalla, which are
polygamous. All these species have generally black plumage with
varying amounts of green and blue iridescence.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise |
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Family: Paradisaeidae
Genus Astrapia
Arfak Astrapia, Astrapia nigra
Splendid Astrapia, Astrapia splendidissima
Ribbon-tailed
Astrapia, Astrapia mayeri
Princess Stephanie's Astrapia, Astrapia stephaniae
Huon Astrapia, Astrapia rothschildi
Genus Cicinnurus
Magnificent Bird-of-paradise, Cicinnurus magnificus
Wilson's
Bird-of-paradise, Cicinnurus respublica
King Bird-of-paradise,
Cicinnurus regius
Genus Drepanornis
Black-billed Sicklebill, Drepanornis albertisi
Pale-billed Sicklebill, Drepanornis bruijnii
Genus Epimachus
Black Sicklebill, Epimachus fastuosus
Brown Sicklebill,
Epimachus meyeri
Genus Lophorina
Superb Bird-of-paradise, Lophorina superba
Genus Lycocorax
Paradise-crow, Lycocorax pyrrhopterus
Genus Manucodia
Glossy-mantled Manucode, Manucodia atra
Jobi Manucode, Manucodia jobiensis
Crinkle-collared Manucode, Manucodia chalybata
Curl-crested Manucode, Manucodia comrii
Trumpet Manucode, Manucodia keraudrenii
Genus Paradigalla
Long-tailed Paradigalla, Paradigalla carunculata
Short-tailed Paradigalla, Paradigalla brevicauda
Genus Paradisaea
Lesser
Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea minor
Greater Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea apoda
Raggiana Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea raggiana
Goldie's Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea decora
Red Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea rubra
Emperor Bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea guilielmi
Blue Bird-of-paradise,
Paradisaea rudolphi
Genus Parotia
Western Parotia, Parotia sefilata
Queen Carola's Parotia, Parotia carolae
Bronze Parotia, Parotia berlepschi
Lawes's Parotia, Parotia lawesii
Eastern Parotia, Parotia helenae
Wahnes's Parotia, Parotia wahnesi
Genus Pteridophora
King of Saxony Bird-of-paradise, Pteridophora alberti
Genus Ptiloris
Magnificent Riflebird, Ptiloris magnificus
Growling Riflebird, Ptiloris intercedens
Paradise Riflebird, Ptiloris paradiseus
Victoria's Riflebird, Ptiloris victoriae
Genus Seleucidis
Twelve-wired
Bird-of-paradise, Seleucidis melanoleuca
Genus Semioptera
Standardwing, Semioptera wallacii
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Hybrids
Hybrid birds of paradise may occur when individuals of different
species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, confuse
each other for their own species and crossbreed.
When Erwin Stresemann realised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise
might be an explanation as to why so many of the described species
were so rare, he examinined many controversial specimens and,
during the 1920s and 1930s, published several papers on his
hypothesis. Many of the species described in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries are now generally considered to be hybrids,
though some are still subject to dispute; their status is not
likely to be settled definitely without genetic examination
of museum specimens.
Some named hybrids and presumed hybrids are:[11]
Astrapian Sicklebill, also known as the Green-breasted Riflebird,
was described as a species (Epimachus astrapioides Rothschild,
1897), but is a hybrid between the Arfak Astrapia and Black
Sicklebill.
Barnes' Astrapia, also known as Barnes’ Long-tail, was
described as a species (Astrarchia barnesi Iredale, 1948), but
is a hybrid between Ribbon-tailed Astrapia and Stephanie's Astrapia.
Bensbach's Bird of Paradise, also known as Bensbach's Riflebird,
was described as a species (Janthothorax bensbachi Büttikofer,
1894), but is presumed to be a hybrid between the Magnificent
Riflebird and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
Blood's Bird of Paradise, also known as Captain Blood’s
Bird of Paradise, was described as a species (Paradisea bloodi
Iredale, 1948), but is a hybrid between the Raggiana Bird of
Paradise and Blue Bird of Paradise.
Duivenbode's Bird of Paradise was described as a species (Paradisea
duivenbodei Ménégaux, 1913), but is a hybrid between
the Emperor Bird of Paradise and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
Duivenbode's Riflebird was described as a species (Paryphephorus
(Craspediphora) duivenbodei Meyer, 1890), but is a hybrid between
the Superb Bird of Paradise and Magnificent Riflebird.
Duivenbode's Six-wired Bird of Paradise, was described as a
species (Parotia duivenbodei Rothschild, 1900), but is presumed
to be a hybrid between the Western Parotia and Superb Bird of
Paradise.
Elliot's Bird of Paradise, was described as a species (Epimachus
ellioti Ward, 1873), but is a presumed hybrid between the Arfak
Astrapia and Black Sicklebill.
False-lobed Astrapia, also known as the False-lobed Long-tail,
was described as a species (Pseudastrapia lobata Rothschild,
1907), but is a hybrid between the Long-tailed Paradigalla and
Black Sicklebill.
Gilliard's Bird of Paradise is a hybrid between the Raggiana
Bird of Paradise and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
King of Holland's Bird of Paradise, also known as King William
III’s Bird of Paradise, was described as a species (Diphyllodes
gulielmi III Meyer, 1875) but is a hybrid between the Magnificent
Bird of Paradise and King Bird of Paradise.
Lupton's Bird of Paradise was described as a subspecies (Paradisea
apoda luptoni Lowe, 1923), but is a hybrid between the Raggiana
Bird of Paradise and Greater Bird of Paradise.
Lyre-tailed King Bird of Paradise, also known as the Lonely
Little King or Crimson Bird of Paradise, was described as a
species (Cicinnurus lyogyrus Currie, 1900), but is a hybrid
between the Magnificent Bird of Paradise and King Bird of Paradise.
Mantou's Riflebird, also known as Bruijn’s Riflebird, was
described as a species (Craspedophora mantoui Oustalet, 1891),
but is presumed to be a hybrid between the Magnificent Riflebird
and Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise.
Maria's Bird of Paradise, also known as Frau Reichenow’s
Bird of Paradise, was described as a species (Paradisea maria
Reichenow, 1894) but is thought to be a hybrid between the Emperor
Bird of Paradise and Raggiana Bird of Paradise.
Mysterious Bird of Bobairo is presumed to be a hybrid between
the Black Sicklebill and Superb Bird of Paradise.
Rothschild's Bird of Paradise was described as a species (Paradisea
mixta Rothschild, 1921), but is a hybrid between the Raggiana
Bird of Paradise and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
Rothschild's Lobe-billed Bird of Paradise, also known as the
Noble Lobe-bill, was described as a species (Loborhamphus nobilis
Rothschild, 1901), but is presumed to be a hybrid between the
Long-tailed Paradigalla and Superb Bird of Paradise.
Ruys' Bird of Paradise was described as a species (Neoparadisea
ruysi van Oort, 1906), but is presumed to be a hybrid between
the Magnificent Bird of Paradise and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
Schodde's Bird of Paradise is a hybrid between the Blue Bird
of Paradise and Lawes's Parotia.
Sharpe's Lobe-billed Parotia, also known as Sharpe’s Lobe-billed
Riflebird, was described as a species (Loborhamphus ptilorhis
Sharpe, 1908), but is presumed to be a hybrid between the Western
Parotia and Long-tailed Paradigalla.
Stresemann's Bird of Paradise was described as a subspecies
(Lophorina superba pseudoparotia Stresemann, 1934), but is a
hybrid between the Superb Bird of Paradise and Carola's Parotia.
Wilhelmina's Bird of Paradise, also known as Wilhelmina's Riflebird,
was described as a species (Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer,
1894), but is presumed to be a hybrid between the Superb Bird
of Paradise and Magnificent Bird of Paradise.
Wonderful Bird of Paradise was described as a species (Paradisea
mirabilis Reichenow, 1901), but is a hybrid between the Twelve-wired
Bird of Paradise and Lesser Bird of Paradise.
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Macgregor's Giant Honeyeater, a black crow-like bird also known as
Macgregor's Bird of Paradise
Satinbirds, a family of passerines originally thought to be part of
the Paradisaeidae family
Melampitta, an enigmatic genus of birds placed by some authors in
Paradisaeidae
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