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Svoveldioksid Foto: K.A. McGee on 19 September 1995 Svoveldioksid og andre vulkanske gasser stiger opp fra Pu`u `O`o åpningen på Kilauea vulkanen, Hawai`i. Under utbrudd i perioden mellom 1986 og 2000, slapp Kilauea ut fra 2.000 til 1.000 tonn irriterende svoveldioksid (SO²) hver dag.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, non flammable, heavier than air, and toxic gas only at high concentrations. With respect to toxicology, CO2 is not toxic at low concentrations. Concentrations from 3 to 5 % accelerate the breathing rhythm. Repeated exposures provokes headaches without chronic injurious effects. Concentrations from 8 to 15 % induce headache, vertigo, vomiting, fainting and possibly death if the patient is not oxygenated immediately. Higher concentrations quickly induce circulatory shortage followed by coma and death. The maximum permissible concentration recommended by hygienists is 5,000 ppm, or 9,000 mg.m3. Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis, which is enhanced at high concentrations. The atmosphere, however, needs containing in the same time enough oxygen to allow normal breathing. In dry gases (global gas minus water), CO2 varies between 20 and 95 %. In plumes, concentrations may be very high close to their emission vents (high concentrations 40 m above a lava fountain at Niragongo, Tanzania). In this case, CO2 concentrations did not exceed at 7 km from the vent the maximum permissible concentration (9,000 mg.m3). If the gases are emitted slowly, CO2 flows downslope and asphyxiation of men and animals may be fulminent. Such events, however, need storage conditions of CO2 in the ground or in crater lakes close to the Dieng or Lake Nyos cases. SWVRC More about CO2 - click here |
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Photo glossary of volcano terms: Volcanic gas |
ANIMALS over 250 |
BIRDS over 500 |
FLOWERS over 225 |